read more, and organ function (eg, estimated GFR Renal excretion The kidneys are the principal organs for excreting water-soluble substances. read more, age Pharmacodynamics in Older Adults In contrast to pharmacokinetic effects, pharmacodynamics is defined as what the drug does to the body or the response of the body to the drug it is affected by receptor binding, postreceptor. The most commonly used drugs include antiemetics, antacids, antihistamines, analgesics, antimicrobials, diuretics. However, these features differ by population and are affected by patient-related factors, such as pregnancy Drugs in Pregnancy Drugs are used in over half of all pregnancies, and prevalence of use is increasing. Increasing the dose of a drug with a small therapeutic index increases the probability of toxicity or ineffectiveness of the drug.
The therapeutic index (ratio of the minimum toxic concentration to the median effective concentration) helps determine the efficacy and safety of a drug. Dose-response, which involves the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, determines the required dose and frequency as well as the therapeutic index for a drug in a population.
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